Structural and Concentration Analysis of International Aid to Ukraine

Abstract

The article examines the structure and scale of international bilateral assistance provided to Ukraine in 2022–2025 with the aim of identifying country-specific distribution patterns and the typological structure of support in terms of financial, humanitarian, and military assistance. The study analyzes the volume of aid provided by the largest donor countries, among which a leading role is played by the United States, the institutions of the European Union, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Norway, and also determines the level of their contributions relative to gross domestic product. In terms of GDP-adjusted assistance volumes, some of the highest levels of support were provided by countries with relatively small economies, in particular Estonia (3.01%) and Lithuania (2.45%), whose contributions significantly exceeded the corresponding indicators of most economically powerful states. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the assistance structure of countries bordering Zakarpattia region, namely Poland, Slovakia, Romania, and Hungary. The conducted analysis made it possible to identify differences in the priorities of assistance provision by these countries and to assess their contribution to the regional support system for Ukraine. To evaluate the level of concentration of international assistance, the methods of the Lorenz curve and the Gini index were applied. These methods made it possible to quantify the uneven distribution of financial resources among donor countries and to identify a high level of asymmetry in the structure of international support. The total volume of bilateral assistance provided by the 22 analyzed donor countries amounted to EUR 253.59 billion, of which EUR 115.34 billion, or approximately 45.5%, was provided by the United States. The Gini index value of 0.681 indicates a high degree of concentration of international assistance and a significant dependence of Ukraine on a limited number of key donors. The results substantiate the need to diversify external financing sources and strengthen the internal economic potential of Ukraine in order to reduce the risks of financial instability under possible changes in the global political and economic environment, as well as to increase the long-term independence of the national economy from external financial inflows.